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Tymur Levitin
Tymur Levitin
Teacher of the Department of Translation. Professional certified translator with experience in translating and teaching English and German. I teach people in 20 countries of the world. My principle in teaching and conducting lessons is to move away from memorizing rules from memory, and, instead, learn to understand the principles of the language and use them in the same way as talking and pronouncing sounds correctly by feeling, and not going over each one in your head all the rules, since there won’t be time for that in real speech. You always need to build on the situation and comfort.
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Passive with Modal Verbs: The Infinitive Monster & the Norm vs Logic Paradox

“Know the norm. Understand the logic. Use both wisely.” — Tymur Levitin

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Quick Overview

  • Präsens / Präteritum / Futur I: Passive + modal is clean and predictable.
  • Perfekt / Plusquamperfekt: Norm demands Ersatzinfinitiv with haben — hat/hatte repariert werden können.
  • Futur II: Passive frame dominates — wird repariert worden sein können.

Paradigm at a Glance

TenseGerman FormEnglish Translation
PräsensDas Auto kann repariert werden.The car can be repaired.
PräteritumDas Auto konnte repariert werden.The car could be repaired.
Perfekt (norm)Das Auto hat repariert werden könnenThe car was able to be repaired.
Plusquamperfekt (norm)Das Auto hatte repariert werden könnenThe car had been able to be repaired.
Futur IDas Auto wird repariert werden können.The car will be able to be repaired.
Futur IIDas Auto wird repariert worden sein können.The car will have been able to be repaired.

The Paradox: Norm vs Logic

Logical but uncodified:

Das Auto ist repariert werden können

  • Auxiliary sein as in every passive.
  • werden können as required infinitives after the modal.
  • Grammatically clean, but not codified.

Exam-safe norm:

Das Auto hat repariert werden können

  • Auxiliary haben imported from modal tradition, not passive logic.
  • This is what examiners and textbooks accept as “correct.”

What Primary Grammar Sources Actually Say

  • Duden – Ersatzinfinitiv“Das Partizip Perfekt der Modalverben … wird normalerweise nicht gebraucht, wenn das Modalverb mit einem weiteren Infinitiv verbunden ist. Stattdessen steht der sogenannte Ersatzinfinitiv.”
    👉 No mention of “mit haben.” Only: Participle II → Infinitive.
  • Wikipedia – Ersatzinfinitiv“… wird statt des Partizips II der Ersatzinfinitiv verwendet.”
    👉 Again: replace the participle with the infinitive. No auxiliary specified.

What Teaching Materials Add (Convention, Not Law)

  • DeutscheGrammatik20.de – Passiv mit Modalverb
    Tables show only haben (hat repariert werden können).
    This is a teaching convention, not a codified rule.

Why „worden können“ Is Considered Wrong

  • worden is the marker for perfect passive without modals (ist repariert worden = “has been repaired”).
  • With a modal verb, the general rule applies: Participle II is not used if another infinitive is present; instead, an infinitive is required.
  • Therefore ist repariert worden können is rejected by convention: the participle worden clashes with the modal rule.

The Double Standard

  • Perfekt / Plusquamperfekt: modal rule dominates → haben is enforced.
  • Futur II: passive frame dominates → sein is enforced (wird repariert worden sein können).

👉 Same structure (repariert werden können), different auxiliaries.
👉 Not because of logic, but because codification patched the system differently in each tense.


Exam Survival

  • On exams and in academic writing:
    • Perfekt: hat repariert werden können
    • Plusquamperfekt: hatte repariert werden können
    • Futur II: wird repariert worden sein können
  • In natural speech:
    Prefer Präteritum: konnte repariert werden (“could be repaired”).
  • For deeper analysis:
    Know that ist repariert werden können is logical but not accepted in codified grammar.

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About the Author

Tymur Levitin — Founder, Head Teacher & Translator


Author’s Rights

© Tymur Levitin — Levitin Language School / Start Language School by Tymur Levitin
Global Learning. Personal Approach.


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