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Tymur Levitin
Tymur Levitin
Teacher of the Department of Translation. Professional certified translator with experience in translating and teaching English and German. I teach people in 20 countries of the world. My principle in teaching and conducting lessons is to move away from memorizing rules from memory, and, instead, learn to understand the principles of the language and use them in the same way as talking and pronouncing sounds correctly by feeling, and not going over each one in your head all the rules, since there won’t be time for that in real speech. You always need to build on the situation and comfort.
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Passive in Konjunktiv (Reported Speech & Hypotheticals)

“The passive is hard enough. Add the subjunctive, and you face the real exam monsters.” — Tymur Levitin

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The paradox before we start: two subjunctives, two logics

German has two Konjunktiv systems:

  • Konjunktiv I — reported speech (indirekte Rede).
  • Konjunktiv II — hypothetical, counterfactual, “if only” scenarios.

👉 The paradox: in passive, the forms often look identical to indicative, so German compensates with context, or by switching from K-I to K-II.

Example:

  • Es wird gesagt, er sei krank. → Konjunktiv I, reported speech.
  • Es würde gesagt, er wäre krank. → Konjunktiv II, hypothetical.

1) Passive in Konjunktiv I (reported speech)

Used in news, academic writing, and formal reports.

Simple forms

  • Präsens: Das Auto werde repariert. → “The car is said to be repaired.”
  • Perfekt: Das Auto sei repariert worden. → “The car is said to have been repaired.”
  • Futur I: Das Auto werde repariert werden. → “The car is said to be going to be repaired.”
  • Futur II: Das Auto werde repariert worden sein. → “The car is said to have been going to be repaired.”

With modals

  • Präsens: Das Auto könne repariert werden. → “The car can be repaired (is said).”
  • Perfekt: Das Auto habe repariert werden können. → “The car could have been repaired (is said).”

⚠️ Note: Many K-I forms (werde repariert) = identical to indicative. Writers often switch to K-II to mark distance.


2) Passive in Konjunktiv II (hypotheticals / irrealis)

Simple forms

  • Präsens (hypothetical): Das Auto würde repariert. → “The car would be repaired.”
  • Past (unreal past): Das Auto wäre repariert worden. → “The car would have been repaired.”
  • Futur I: Das Auto würde repariert werden. → “The car would be repaired (in the future).”
  • Futur II: Das Auto würde repariert worden sein. → “The car would have been repaired (by then).”

With modals

  • Präsens: Das Auto würde repariert werden können. → “The car would be able to be repaired.”
  • Past: Das Auto hätte repariert werden können. → “The car could have been repaired.”

3) The Modal Trap in Perfect Passive (Konjunktiv I & II)

This is the exam trap par excellence — where Duden and method books diverge.

What Duden says

Duden, Ersatzinfinitiv:

  • “Das Partizip Perfekt der Modalverben … wird nicht gebraucht, wenn das Modalverb mit einem weiteren Infinitiv verbunden ist. Stattdessen steht der sogenannte Ersatzinfinitiv.”
  • Meaning: no participle (gekonnt, gemusst) if another infinitive is present.
  • Passive logic: in perfect tenses, the auxiliary should be sein.

So logically:

  • K-I: Das Auto sei repariert werden können.
  • K-II: Das Auto wäre repariert werden können.

What exam handbooks enforce

Almost all method books prescribe haben:

  • K-I: Das Auto habe repariert werden können.
  • K-II: Das Auto hätte repariert werden können.

The paradox

  • Logic / Dudensein.
  • Exams / handbookshaben.
  • Reality → learners must know both, but exams accept only haben.

Exam survival

  • Konjunktiv I: always write habe repariert werden können.
  • Konjunktiv II: always write hätte repariert werden können.
  • Know that sei repariert werden können or wäre repariert werden können are logical and align with Duden, but will be marked wrong in exams.

👉 Golden rule: use haben in exams, keep sein in mind to truly understand the system.


4) Indirect speech vs. hypothetical

  • Reported speech: Es wird gesagt, er sei krank.
  • Hypothetical: Es würde gesagt, er wäre krank.

Difference:

  • sei = neutral reported speech.
  • wäre = counterfactual, imagined situation.

5) Word order in Konjunktiv passive clusters

Operator follows operand, even in subjunctive clusters:

  • …, dass das Auto repariert worden sein würde.
  • …, dass es hätte repariert werden können.

These heavy clusters are a classic exam test.


6) Common pitfalls

  1. Confusing K-I and K-II endings
    • K-I: werde repariert
    • K-II: würde repariert
  2. Overusing “würde”
    In reported speech, default is K-I (werde, sei, habe). Only switch to K-II if K-I = identical to indicative.
  3. Neglecting modals
    hätte repariert werden können = must-know for exams.

7) Exam survival summary

  • Reported speech: prefer Konjunktiv I (werde, sei, habe).
  • If ambiguous: switch to Konjunktiv II (würde).
  • Hypotheticals: always Konjunktiv II (würde repariert / wäre repariert worden).
  • With modals in Perfect/Plusquamperfekt: write habe / hätte repariert werden können (exam safe).
  • Remember the paradox: sein is logical, haben is exam-accepted.

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About the author

Tymur Levitin — Founder, Head Teacher & Translator


Author’s rights

© Tymur Levitin — Levitin Language School / Start Language School by Tymur Levitin
Slogan: Global Learning. Personal Approach.

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