Spatial and Temporal Prepositions in Legal Language: English, German, Ukrainian, and Russian Compared
03.09.2025
English Conversation Practice: Overcome Fear and Speak with Confidence
03.09.2025

03.09.2025

Tymur Levitin
Tymur Levitin
Teacher of the Department of Translation. Professional certified translator with experience in translating and teaching English and German. I teach people in 20 countries of the world. My principle in teaching and conducting lessons is to move away from memorizing rules from memory, and, instead, learn to understand the principles of the language and use them in the same way as talking and pronouncing sounds correctly by feeling, and not going over each one in your head all the rules, since there won’t be time for that in real speech. You always need to build on the situation and comfort.
View profile

The Translation Lab: How to Translate the German Passive (EN / UKR / RU / ES)

“Translate meaning, not metal. Keep the passive when it helps. Replace it when it hurts.” — Tymur Levitin

Choose your language


0) The paradox before we start: literal vs idiomatic

  • Law (reference grammar): German passive encodes voice and information structure (focus on the patient/result).
  • Method (exam/handbooks): Students are often graded for keeping the form of the passive, even if a literal rendering sounds wooden in the target language.
  • Reality (translation): Readers want idiomatic output. Sometimes you keep the passive, sometimes you convert it to a natural active/impersonal form.

Rule of thumb: preserve the effect (focus, agent suppression, register), not necessarily the shape.


1) The German passive: quick map for translators

Core contrasts (German → English gloss)

  • Vorgangspassiv (werden-Passiv): Das Auto wird repariert → “The car is being repaired / is repaired.”
  • Zustandspassiv (sein-Passiv): Das Auto ist repariert → “The car is repaired / is fixed” (state/result).
  • Perfect passive: Das Auto ist repariert worden → “The car has been repaired.”
  • Passive + modal: Das Auto kann repariert werden → “The car can be repaired.”
  • Impersonal passive: Es wird getanzt → “People are dancing / There is dancing.”

In Parts 3–4–6 we nailed the cluster logic (Ersatzinfinitiv, word order, worden sein). Keep that in mind: translation must read naturally even when the German stack is heavy.


2) Strategy by target language

A) English (EN)

What English likes

  • be-passive: The car was repaired; has been repaired; will be repaired.
  • get-passive (colloquial/result): He got his car repaired (recipient focus).
  • Impersonal paraphrase: People say…, There was dancing, It is reported that…

When to keep German passive literally

  • Legal/academic reporting: Es wird gezeigt, dass… → It is shown that…
  • Technical prose: Die Anlage wird kalibriert. → The unit is calibrated.
  • Agent suppression: Es wurde beschlossen… → It was decided…

When to convert

  • Es wird getanzt. → “People are dancing / There is dancing” (avoid “It is danced”).
  • Das Auto lässt sich reparieren. → “The car can be repaired / is repairable” (not “lets itself be repaired”).
  • Der Kunde bekommt das Auto repariert. → “The customer gets/has the car repaired.”

Modals (the “Ersatzinfinitiv” monster)

  • Das Auto hat repariert werden können → “The car was able to be repaired / it could be repaired.”
    Prefer lean wording in narrative: could be repaired (Präteritum often feels more natural).

Konjunktiv in reported speech

  • Es wird gesagt, er sei krank. → “It is said that he is ill.”
  • If you need distance/doubt: “It is said he is ill” (journalistic neutral), or “reportedly” + indicative.

B) Ukrainian (UKR)

What Ukrainian prefers

  • Active/impersonal constructions are very common; pure analytic passive is used less than in German.
  • -но/-то impersonal result: Автомобіль відремонтовано (state/result, formal).
  • Modal possibility: Автомобіль можна відремонтувати > може бути відремонтований (latter = formal).

Mappings

  • Das Auto wird repariert.Автомобіль ремонтують. / Авто ремонтується (технічний стиль).
  • Das Auto ist repariert worden.Автомобіль було відремонтовано / Автомобіль відремонтовано (state).
  • Es wird getanzt.Танцюють. / Тут танцюють.
  • Der Kunde bekommt das Auto repariert.Клієнту відремонтували авто / Клієнт отримав відремонтоване авто.

Agent phrases

  • German von + Dat → Ukrainian інструментал/прийменникові: автомобіль було відремонтовано механіком.

Traps

  • Don’t overuse heavy passive calques: prefer можна + Inf or -но/-то when style allows.
  • Es wird festgestellt, dass…Встановлено, що… (concise academic).

C) Russian (RU)

What Russian prefers

  • Passive is available and frequent in formal style, but impersonal/active is often smoother in neutral contexts.
  • можно + Inf is very idiomatic for possibility; state passive = short participle.

Mappings

  • Das Auto wurde repariert.Автомобиль был отремонтирован.
  • Das Auto ist repariert.Автомобиль отремонтирован (состояние).
  • Es wird getanzt.Танцуют. / Здесь танцуют.
  • Der Kunde bekommt das Auto repariert.Клиенту отремонтировали машину. / Клиент получил отремонтированный автомобиль.

Modals

  • kann repariert werdenможно отремонтировать / может быть отремонтирован (официально-деловой стиль).

Agent phrases

  • German von → Russian творительный падеж: отремонтирован механиком; sometimes кем-то is omitted for register.

D) Spanish (ES)

What Spanish prefers

  • Two passives: periphrastic (ser + participio: fue reparado) and “se”-passive / impersonal (se repara / se dice).
  • “Se”-passive is extremely productive and reads naturally.

Mappings

  • Das Auto wurde repariert.El coche fue reparado (periphrastic) or Se reparó el coche (“se”).
  • Es wird gesagt, dass…Se dice que… (best default).
  • Es wird getanzt.Se baila. / Aquí se baila.
  • Der Kunde bekommt das Auto repariert.Al cliente le repararon el coche / El cliente recibió el coche reparado (depending on focus).

Modals

  • kann repariert werdense puede reparar / puede ser reparado.
  • Heavy clusters → prefer “se” solutions where possible: había podido ser reparado vs se había podido reparar (latter reads lighter).

Agent phrases

  • German von → Spanish por: fue reparado por el mecánico (note register).

3) Special German constructions and how to translate them

A) Impersonal passive (Es wird …)

  • Keep passive in EN (It is said) when it’s a reporting verb;
  • Prefer impersonal active in UKR/RU (Кажуть/Говорят);
  • Prefer se in ES (Se dice).
  • Activity verbs (arbeiten, tanzen): EN “There is dancing / People are dancing”; UKR/RU Танцюють/Танцуют; ES Se baila.

B) Recipient passive (bekommen/kriegen/erhalten)

  • EN have/get something done: He got his car repaired.
  • UKR Клієнту відремонтували авто / Клієнт отримав відремонтоване авто.
  • RU Клиенту отремонтировали машину / Клиент получил отремонтированный автомобиль.
  • ES Al cliente le repararon el coche / El cliente recibió el coche reparado.

C) Zustandspassiv vs Vorgangspassiv

  • ist repariert (state) vs wird repariert (process).
  • EN: is repaired/fixed vs is being repaired;
  • UKR: відремонтовано / відремонтований vs ремонтують;
  • RU: отремонтирован vs ремонтируют/ремонтируется;
  • ES: está reparado vs se repara / está siendo reparado.

D) lassen + sich (Das Auto lässt sich reparieren.)

  • EN: can be repaired / is repairable.
  • UKR: можна відремонтувати / ремонтопридатне.
  • RU: можно отремонтировать / ремонтопригоден.
  • ES: se puede reparar / es reparable.

E) zu-Infinitiv with passive meaning (ist zu reparieren)

  • EN: is to be repaired → often better needs repairing / needs to be repaired.
  • UKR: підлягає ремонту / потрібно відремонтувати.
  • RU: подлежит ремонту / нужно отремонтировать.
  • ES: debe ser reparado / hace falta reparar.

4) The modal trap in translation (recap from Parts 3–4–7)

  • Grammar law: with modals + another infinitive, German uses Ersatzinfinitiv (no modal participle).
  • Method/exams: in Perfekt/Plusquamperfekt with modals + passive, exam tables enforce haben (hat/hatte repariert werden können), although passive logic would predict sein.
  • Translation reality: don’t reproduce the “metal” if it’s clunky. Choose the cleanest idiom:
    • Das Auto hat repariert werden können
      EN could be repaired / was able to be repaired;
      UKR можна було відремонтувати / могло бути відремонтоване (офіц.);
      RU можно было отремонтировать / могло быть отремонтировано (офиц.);
      ES se pudo reparar / pudo ser reparado.

Exam survival: if you’re producing German, use the exam-safe hat/hatte … werden können. If you’re translating from German, pick the leanest natural target form.


5) Legal/academic tone: when passive is your friend

Keep a passive or impersonal in the target language when you need:

  • Agent suppression (liability, neutrality):
    • EN It was decided…; UKR Було вирішено…; RU Было принято решение…; ES Se decidió…
  • Formal reporting (Es wird gezeigt / festgestellt / berichtet …):
    • EN It is shown / established / reported…;
    • UKR Показано / Встановлено / Повідомляється…;
    • RU Показано / Установлено / Сообщается…;
    • ES Se muestra / Se establece / Se informa…

6) Decision tree (quick checklist)

  1. What’s the function of the passive here?
    Focus patient? Hide agent? Formal tone? → likely keep passive (or an impersonal equivalent).
  2. Is a literal passive natural in the target language?
    • EN legal/academic: usually yes.
    • UKR/RU general style: often no → prefer impersonal/active/state forms.
    • ES: consider se-passive.
  3. Is there a modal cluster?
    Translate for meaning (can/must/should), not for metal: pick the smoothest idiom.
  4. Is it Zustandspassiv (state) or Vorgangspassiv (process)?
    Render the state properly (fixed/repaired) vs process (being repaired).
  5. Recipient focus?
    Consider EN have/get something done, UKR/RU кому + зробили/сделали, ES a alguien le + V.

7) Mini translation lab (contrast sets)

A. Activity / impersonal

  • DE: Es wird viel gearbeitet.
    EN: “A lot of work is being done.” / “People are working hard.”
    UKR: Багато працюють. / Тут ведеться робота.
    RU: Много работают. / Здесь ведутся работы.
    ES: Se trabaja mucho.

B. Recipient passive

  • DE: Der Kunde bekommt das Auto repariert.
    EN: “The customer gets/has the car repaired.”
    UKR: Клієнту відремонтували авто.
    RU: Клиенту отремонтировали машину.
    ES: Al cliente le repararon el coche.

C. Modals + passive (exam metal vs natural)

  • DE: Das Auto hat repariert werden können.
    EN: “The car could be repaired / was able to be repaired.”
    UKR: Авто можна було відремонтувати.
    RU: Машину можно было отремонтировать.
    ES: Se pudo reparar el coche.

D. Zustand vs Vorgang

  • DE: Das Gerät ist kalibriert. (state)
    EN: “The device is calibrated.”
    UKR: Прилад відкалібровано.
    RU: Прибор откалиброван.
    ES: El dispositivo está calibrado.
  • DE: Das Gerät wird kalibriert. (process)
    EN: “The device is being calibrated.”
    UKR: Прилад калібрують.
    RU: Прибор калибруют.
    ES: Se calibra el dispositivo / El dispositivo está siendo calibrado.

8) Exam & client survival notes

  • For German exams:
    Produce exam-safe shapes (Parts 3–7):
    hat/hatte repariert werden können, wird repariert worden sein können, es sei festgestellt worden, etc.
  • For real-world translation:
    • Prefer clarity and idiom; keep passive only when it carries meaning (agent suppression, formal tone, patient focus).
    • Don’t be afraid to switch to impersonal or active in UKR/RU and to se-passive in ES.
    • Mark state vs process correctly.

Series navigation


About the author

Tymur Levitin — Founder, Head Teacher & Translator


Author’s rights

© Tymur Levitin — Levitin Language School / Start Language School by Tymur Levitin
Global Learning. Personal Approach.

Tags:


    Learning Foreign Languages ​​Online
    Easy and Affordable!

      FORM FOR A FREE TRAINING CONSULTATION

      50% DISCOUNT ON THE FIRST LESSON

      Additional fields for specifying classes

      50% DISCOUNT ON THE FIRST LESSON

      en_USEnglish