Tense Shift and Its Blind Spots: A Full Comparison of English, German, Ukrainian, and Russian

🗂️ Category: Online Language Learning

🗣️ Introduction

We all know the basic formula:
👉 He said, “I am coming.” → He said he was coming.

But when you compare British and American English, Niemiecki, Ukraińskioraz Rosyjski, the story becomes much deeper.

• Each language has areas it covers well.
• Each language also has blind spots — places where grammar fails to show what speakers really mean.

This article digs all the way down to the atomic level of tense shift.

📘 Classical Rules

English (general):

• Present → Past
• Past → Past Perfect
• Future → would

Niemiecki:

• Reported speech uses either Konjunktiv I (Er sagte, er sei krank) or backshift with Indikativ.
• Future → Conditional (würde).

Ukrainian / Russian:

• No fixed backshift system.
• Both він іде / он идёт (“he is going”) and він йшов / он шёл (“he was going”) are possible.

🎓 Modern Usage

• British English: often keeps the present (He said he is coming) if the fact is still true.
• American English: prefers backshift (He said he was coming), even if it’s still true.
• Niemiecki:
  • Konjunktiv I = neutral report, no responsibility.
  • Indikativ = speaker interprets and takes responsibility.
• Ukrainian/Russian: flexible; meaning comes from context, not strict rules.

🚨 Blind Spot 1 — Past to Present

How do you say: “He said he has been walking for 15 minutes, and he is still walking now”?

• Angielski:
  • Grammar forces: He said he had been walking…
  • Ambiguous: maybe still walking, maybe stopped.
  • No official form for “past + still true now.”
• British English: sometimes breaks the rule: He said he has been walking… → natural, but “wrong” in textbooks.
• American English: almost always: He said he had been walking… → consistent form, lost meaning.
• Niemiecki: Er sagte, er sei seit 15 Minuten unterwegs. → neutral citation, but no clarity if still true.
• Ukraiński: Він сказав, що він іде вже 15 хвилин. → clear, still going now.
• Rosyjski: Он сказал, что он идёт уже 15 минут. → same clarity.

👉 Slavic languages win here: they can mark “still happening now.”

🧩 Blind Spot 2 — Continuous Ambiguity

• Angielski: He said he had been walking… = either still walking or already stopped.
• Niemiecki: er sei gegangen / er war gegangen → same ambiguity.
• Ukraiński: йшов (past) vs іде (present) → clear split.
• Rosyjski: шёл vs идёт → same split.

👉 English and German collapse two meanings into one. Ukrainian/Russian preserve the nuance.

🔦 Blind Spot 3 — After-Event Gap

• He said he had been walking for 15 minutes when he met us.
  👉 Grammar shows “walking up to the meeting,” but says nothing about after.
• Ukraiński: Він сказав, що йшов 15 хвилин, коли зустрів нас. → same silence.
• Rosyjski: Он сказал, что шёл 15 минут, когда встретил нас. → same silence.
• Niemiecki: Er sagte, er sei seit 15 Minuten gegangen, als er uns traf. → same silence.

👉 None of these languages can show “continued after the event” without extra words.

🪞 Blind Spot 4 — Responsibility (German Only)

• Er sagte, er sei krank. → Konjunktiv I = neutral report, no responsibility.
• Er sagte, er war krank. → Indikativ = speaker interprets, almost confirms.
• Er sagte, er war krank gewesen. → Plusquamperfekt = clear sequence (first sick, then said it).

👉 German uniquely marks “neutral vs responsible reporting.”
👉 English, Ukrainian, and Russian cannot.

🇬🇧 vs 🇺🇸 The Paradox

We expect Brits to be stricter and Americans more relaxed. But in tense shift it’s the opposite.

• British English:
  • Allows He said he is coming if still true.
  • Focus on meaning and current relevance.
• American English:
  • Prefers He said he was coming, even if still true.
  • Focus on formal consistency and simplicity.

👉 British = meaning > form.
👉 American = form > meaning.

👂 Real-Life Speech

• UK: He said he is coming, innit.
• US: He said he was coming.
• DE: Er sagte, er sei unterwegs.
• UA: Він сказав, що він іде.
• RU: Он сказал, что он идёт.

🧨 Summary of Blind Spots

1. Past-to-Present
   • English/German lack a form for “still true now.”
   • Ukrainian/Russian have it (іде / идёт).
2. Continuous Ambiguity
   • English/German: one form for both “still” and “stopped.”
   • Ukrainian/Russian: two forms, clear difference.
3. After-Event Gap
   • All languages silent on whether action continued.
4. Responsibility
   • Only German grammatically marks “neutral vs responsible reporting.”

🛡️ Exam Survival

• Angielski: Always backshift in writing.
• Niemiecki: Use Konjunktiv I in formal writing.
• Ukrainian/Russian: No strict backshift rule — rely on context.
• Speaking: Keep Present if still true (EN/UA/RU).

📝 Conclusion

Every language has blind spots:

• English (general): systematic, but blind to past-to-present.
• British English: more flexible, meaning-oriented.
• American English: stricter, simpler, but loses relevance.
• Niemiecki: precise with responsibility, blind with continuity.
• Ukrainian/Russian: flexible, preserve “идёт/шёл,” but rely on context.

👉 The lesson: Grammar gives tools, but never full meaning. Context — and your awareness of these gaps — does the rest.

📌 At Szkoła Językowa Levitin / Start Szkoła Językowa Tymura Levitina, we don’t just teach rules. We show where rules break, and how real people speak.

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✍️ Kolumna autora
Author’s work by Tymur Levitin — founder, director, and head teacher of Levitin Language School.
© Tymur Levitin