How to Translate English Court Terms into German, Ukrainian, and Russian

📘 Legal terminology that’s easy to misread — and dangerous to mistranslate

👤 Author: Tymur Levitin — founder, director, and senior teacher at Levitin Language School

📍 Choose your language:
🔗 https://levitinlanguageschool.com/#languages

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⚖️ Why English Legal Terms Require More Than Just Translation

English court terminology is widely used around the world — in legal contracts, immigration, international disputes, and corporate procedures. But these words don’t always mean what you think they mean.

Even common terms like judgment, order, decision或 writ can have very specific procedural meanings. Worse, they may not correspond directly to legal systems in German-speaking countries, Ukraine, or post-Soviet states. A literal translation often fails — and a legal translation must bridge different legal traditions.

This article explains how to translate core English court terms into 德国, 乌克兰和 俄罗斯 — with real examples, context, and comparison for both professionals and learners.

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🧾 Core English Court Terms and Their Meaning

Let’s examine the most frequently used terms:

English Term	Meaning in Context	德国	乌克兰	俄罗斯
Judgment	Final ruling after trial	Urteil / Endurteil	Рішення суду	Решение суда
Court Order	Instruction by court (not final)	Beschluss / Gerichtsbeschluss	Ухвала суду	Определение суда
Decision	General ruling — procedural or final	Entscheidung / Urteil	Рішення / Висновок	Решение / Заключение
Writ	Official written command (e.g., subpoena, enforcement)	Vollstreckungsbefehl / Verfügung	Судовий наказ / Постанова	Судебный приказ / Исполнительный лист

⚠️ 请注意： “Decision” is the most ambiguous. In UK/US systems, it can mean anything from a small procedural ruling to a final verdict — context is key.

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🧪 Real-Life Examples: What Do These Terms Look Like?

1. Judgment – Resolves the Case

📄 Judgment in a breach of contract case.

• DE: Urteil in einem Vertragsverletzungsverfahren
• UA: Рішення суду у справі про порушення контракту
• RU: Решение суда по делу о нарушении контракта

2. Court Order – Procedural or Interim Instruction

📄 Court order granting temporary custody.

• DE: Gerichtsbeschluss über das vorläufige Sorgerecht
• UA: Ухвала суду про тимчасове опікунство
• RU: Определение суда о временной опеке

3. Writ – Legal Instrument (Execution, Summons, Injunction)

📄 Writ of execution for unpaid judgment.

• DE: Vollstreckungsbefehl wegen unbezahltem Urteil
• UA: Судовий наказ на виконання рішення
• RU: Исполнительный лист по неуплаченному решению

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🧠 Translation Pitfalls: Avoid These Mistakes

❌ Translating “judgment” as “decision” in systems where both exist separately
❌ Using “order” = “наказ” in Ukrainian — causes legal confusion with “судовий наказ”
❌ Leaving “writ” untranslated or vaguely translated as “document” — erases legal function
❌ Assuming “decision” = Urteil — when it may just be Beschluss 甚至 Verfügung

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🧩 Understanding the Legal Logic Across Languages

Legal Role	英语	德国	乌克兰	俄罗斯
Final resolution	Judgment	Urteil	Рішення суду	Решение суда
Procedural ruling	Court Order	Beschluss	Ухвала суду	Определение суда
General ruling	Decision	Entscheidung	Рішення / Висновок	Решение / Заключение
Legal instrument	Writ	Vollstreckungsbefehl	Судовий наказ	Судебный приказ
Extract or copy	Certified Copy / Extract	Auszug / beglaubigte Abschrift	Витяг / Завірена копія	Выписка / Заверенная копия

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📄 What About the Document Itself? Translating the Physical “Court Document”

In Ukrainian and Russian, the phrase Рішення суду 或 Решение суда often refers both to the decision and to the physical paper.

In German, these concepts are split:

• Urteil = the decision
• Urkunde = the certified document that contains it

But what about English?

Scenario	Correct English Term
Legal outcome	Judgment 或 Decision
Certified physical paper	Certified Copy of Judgment, Official Court Document或 Court-Issued Record

Don’t confuse legal meaning 与 physical form.

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🧾 Real-World Examples of Court Documents (the Papers)

示例 1：

📄 Certified copy of a judgment in a divorce case

• EN: Certified Copy of Judgment
• DE: Ausfertigung des Urteils
• UA: Завірена копія рішення суду
• RU: Заверенная копия решения суда

例 2：

📄 Court-issued document confirming custody

• EN: Official Court Document
• DE: Gerichtliche Urkunde
• UA: Судовий документ
• RU: Судебный документ

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🧠 Why Translators Get This Wrong

English uses separate terminology for legal content vs legal form. In Slavic languages, these are often merged — one word can mean both. German strictly separates between Urteil 和 Urkunde. English also separates them — but often less visibly.

Translators may:

• Translate “Urkunde” as “judgment” — ❌ Wrong
• Translate “решение суда” as both judgment and document — ❌ Vague

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📘 Summary Table: Physical Court Document vs Legal Meaning

语言	Legal Resolution (Decision)	Certified Paper (Document)
英语	Judgment / Decision	Certified Copy / Court Document
德国	Urteil	Urkunde / Ausfertigung
乌克兰	Рішення суду	Завірена копія / Витяг
俄罗斯	Решение суда	Выписка / Заверенная копия

✅ Use terms based on function, not just language similarity.

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🔎 Functional Equivalence Is the Key

Your translation must match:

• 📌 The legal function of the term
• 📄 The form — full text vs extract
• 🛂 The purpose — evidence, enforcement, apostille

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📚 Related Articles

• How to Translate German Court Documents into Ukrainian, English, and Russian
• How to Translate Ukrainian Court Terms into German, English, and Russian
• Understanding Realia in Translation

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🎓 Learn Legal English and German with Us

• 学习英语
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• Tymur Levitin — Teacher Page

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✍️ Author and Copyright

作者： Tymur Levitin — founder, director, and senior teacher at
开始语言学校》，作者 Tymur Levitin / 列维廷语言学校
© Tymur Levitin。保留所有权利。
Translation structure and methodology based on real-world legal practice.